What is the value of 4cos(108) ?

The value of 4cos(108) is 1-sqrt(5)

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Popular >

4cos(108)

Solution

4 cos (10 8^{\circ})

Solution

1 - 5

Decimal Notation

- 1.23606 \dots

Solution steps

4 cos (10 8^{\circ})

Rewrite using trig identities:

cos (10 8^{\circ}) = 4 cos^{3} (3 6^{\circ}) - 3 cos (3 6^{\circ})

cos (10 8^{\circ})

Write

cos (10 8^{\circ})

cos (3 \cdot 3 6^{\circ})

= cos (3 \cdot 3 6^{\circ})

Use the following identity:

cos (3 x) = 4 cos^{3} (x) - 3 cos (x)

cos (3 x)

Rewrite using trig identities

cos (3 x)

Rewrite as

= cos (2 x + x)

Use the Angle Sum identity:

cos (s + t) = cos (s) cos (t) - sin (s) sin (t)

= cos (2 x) cos (x) - sin (2 x) sin (x)

Use the Double Angle identity:

sin (2 x) = 2 sin (x) cos (x)

= cos (2 x) cos (x) - 2 sin (x) cos (x) sin (x)

Simplify

cos (2 x) cos (x) - 2 sin (x) cos (x) sin (x) : cos (x) cos (2 x) - 2 sin^{2} (x) cos (x)

cos (2 x) cos (x) - 2 sin (x) cos (x) sin (x)

2 sin (x) cos (x) sin (x) = 2 sin^{2} (x) cos (x)

2 sin (x) cos (x) sin (x)

Apply exponent rule:

a^{b} \cdot a^{c} = a^{b + c}

sin (x) sin (x) = sin^{1 + 1} (x)

= 2 cos (x) sin^{1 + 1} (x)

Add the numbers:

1 + 1 = 2

= 2 cos (x) sin^{2} (x)

= cos (x) cos (2 x) - 2 sin^{2} (x) cos (x)

= cos (x) cos (2 x) - 2 sin^{2} (x) cos (x)

= cos (x) cos (2 x) - 2 sin^{2} (x) cos (x)

Use the Double Angle identity:

cos (2 x) = 2 cos^{2} (x) - 1

= (2 cos^{2} (x) - 1) cos (x) - 2 sin^{2} (x) cos (x)

Use the Pythagorean identity:

cos^{2} (x) + sin^{2} (x) = 1

sin^{2} (x) = 1 - cos^{2} (x)

= (2 cos^{2} (x) - 1) cos (x) - 2 (1 - cos^{2} (x)) cos (x)

Expand

(2 cos^{2} (x) - 1) cos (x) - 2 (1 - cos^{2} (x)) cos (x) : 4 cos^{3} (x) - 3 cos (x)

(2 cos^{2} (x) - 1) cos (x) - 2 (1 - cos^{2} (x)) cos (x)

= cos (x) (2 cos^{2} (x) - 1) - 2 cos (x) (1 - cos^{2} (x))

Expand

cos (x) (2 cos^{2} (x) - 1) : 2 cos^{3} (x) - cos (x)

cos (x) (2 cos^{2} (x) - 1)

Apply the distributive law:

a (b - c) = ab - a c

a = cos (x), b = 2 cos^{2} (x), c = 1

= cos (x) 2 cos^{2} (x) - cos (x) 1

= 2 cos^{2} (x) cos (x) - 1 cos (x)

Simplify

2 cos^{2} (x) cos (x) - 1 \cdot cos (x) : 2 cos^{3} (x) - cos (x)

2 cos^{2} (x) cos (x) - 1 cos (x)

2 cos^{2} (x) cos (x) = 2 cos^{3} (x)

2 cos^{2} (x) cos (x)

Apply exponent rule:

a^{b} \cdot a^{c} = a^{b + c}

cos^{2} (x) cos (x) = cos^{2 + 1} (x)

= 2 cos^{2 + 1} (x)

Add the numbers:

2 + 1 = 3

= 2 cos^{3} (x)

1 \cdot cos (x) = cos (x)

1 cos (x)

Multiply:

1 \cdot cos (x) = cos (x)

= cos (x)

= 2 cos^{3} (x) - cos (x)

= 2 cos^{3} (x) - cos (x)

= 2 cos^{3} (x) - cos (x) - 2 (1 - cos^{2} (x)) cos (x)

Expand

- 2 cos (x) (1 - cos^{2} (x)) : - 2 cos (x) + 2 cos^{3} (x)

- 2 cos (x) (1 - cos^{2} (x))

Apply the distributive law:

a (b - c) = ab - a c

a = - 2 cos (x), b = 1, c = cos^{2} (x)

= - 2 cos (x) 1 - (- 2 cos (x)) cos^{2} (x)

Apply minus-plus rules

- (- a) = a

= - 2 \cdot 1 cos (x) + 2 cos^{2} (x) cos (x)

Simplify

- 2 \cdot 1 \cdot cos (x) + 2 cos^{2} (x) cos (x) : - 2 cos (x) + 2 cos^{3} (x)

- 2 \cdot 1 cos (x) + 2 cos^{2} (x) cos (x)

2 \cdot 1 \cdot cos (x) = 2 cos (x)

2 \cdot 1 cos (x)

Multiply the numbers:

2 \cdot 1 = 2

= 2 cos (x)

2 cos^{2} (x) cos (x) = 2 cos^{3} (x)

2 cos^{2} (x) cos (x)

Apply exponent rule:

a^{b} \cdot a^{c} = a^{b + c}

cos^{2} (x) cos (x) = cos^{2 + 1} (x)

= 2 cos^{2 + 1} (x)

Add the numbers:

2 + 1 = 3

= 2 cos^{3} (x)

= - 2 cos (x) + 2 cos^{3} (x)

= - 2 cos (x) + 2 cos^{3} (x)

= 2 cos^{3} (x) - cos (x) - 2 cos (x) + 2 cos^{3} (x)

Simplify

2 cos^{3} (x) - cos (x) - 2 cos (x) + 2 cos^{3} (x) : 4 cos^{3} (x) - 3 cos (x)

2 cos^{3} (x) - cos (x) - 2 cos (x) + 2 cos^{3} (x)

Group like terms

= 2 cos^{3} (x) + 2 cos^{3} (x) - cos (x) - 2 cos (x)

Add similar elements:

2 cos^{3} (x) + 2 cos^{3} (x) = 4 cos^{3} (x)

= 4 cos^{3} (x) - cos (x) - 2 cos (x)

Add similar elements:

- cos (x) - 2 cos (x) = - 3 cos (x)

= 4 cos^{3} (x) - 3 cos (x)

= 4 cos^{3} (x) - 3 cos (x)

= 4 cos^{3} (x) - 3 cos (x)

= 4 cos^{3} (3 6^{\circ}) - 3 cos (3 6^{\circ})

= 4 (4 cos^{3} (3 6^{\circ}) - 3 cos (3 6^{\circ}))

Rewrite using trig identities:

cos (3 6^{\circ}) = \frac{5 + 1}{4}

cos (3 6^{\circ})

Show that:

cos (3 6^{\circ}) - sin (1 8^{\circ}) = \frac{1}{2}

Use the following product to sum identity:

2 sin (x) cos (y) = sin (x + y) - sin (x - y)

2 cos (3 6^{\circ}) sin (1 8^{\circ}) = sin (5 4^{\circ}) - sin (1 8^{\circ})

Show that:

2 cos (3 6^{\circ}) sin (1 8^{\circ}) = \frac{1}{2}

Use the Double Angle identity:

sin (2 x) = 2 sin (x) cos (x)

sin (7 2^{\circ}) = 2 sin (3 6^{\circ}) cos (3 6^{\circ})

sin (7 2^{\circ}) sin (3 6^{\circ}) = 4 sin (3 6^{\circ}) sin (1 8^{\circ}) cos (3 6^{\circ}) cos (1 8^{\circ})

Divide both sides by

sin (3 6^{\circ})

sin (7 2^{\circ}) = 4 sin (1 8^{\circ}) cos (3 6^{\circ}) cos (1 8^{\circ})

Use the following identity:

sin (x) = cos (9 0^{\circ} - x)

sin (7 2^{\circ}) = cos (9 0^{\circ} - 7 2^{\circ})

cos (9 0^{\circ} - 7 2^{\circ}) = 4 sin (1 8^{\circ}) cos (3 6^{\circ}) cos (1 8^{\circ})

cos (1 8^{\circ}) = 4 sin (1 8^{\circ}) cos (3 6^{\circ}) cos (1 8^{\circ})

Divide both sides by

cos (1 8^{\circ})

1 = 4 sin (1 8^{\circ}) cos (3 6^{\circ})

Divide both sides by

2

\frac{1}{2} = 2 sin (1 8^{\circ}) cos (3 6^{\circ})

Substitute

\frac{1}{2} = 2 sin (1 8^{\circ}) cos (3 6^{\circ})

\frac{1}{2} = sin (5 4^{\circ}) - sin (1 8^{\circ})

sin (5 4^{\circ}) = cos (9 0^{\circ} - 5 4^{\circ})

\frac{1}{2} = cos (9 0^{\circ} - 5 4^{\circ}) - sin (1 8^{\circ})

\frac{1}{2} = cos (3 6^{\circ}) - sin (1 8^{\circ})

Show that:

cos (3 6^{\circ}) + sin (1 8^{\circ}) = \frac{5}{4}

Use the factorization rule:

a^{2} - b^{2} = (a + b) (a - b)

a = cos (3 6^{\circ}) + sin (1 8^{\circ})

(cos (3 6^{\circ}) + sin (1 8^{\circ}))^{2} - (cos (3 6^{\circ}) - sin (1 8^{\circ}))^{2} = ((cos (3 6^{\circ}) + sin (1 8^{\circ})) + (cos (3 6^{\circ}) - sin (1 8^{\circ}))) ((cos (3 6^{\circ}) + sin (1 8^{\circ})) - (cos (3 6^{\circ}) - sin (1 8^{\circ})))

Refine

(cos (3 6^{\circ}) + sin (1 8^{\circ}))^{2} - (cos (3 6^{\circ}) - sin (1 8^{\circ}))^{2} = 2 (2 cos (3 6^{\circ}) sin (1 8^{\circ}))

Show that:

2 cos (3 6^{\circ}) sin (1 8^{\circ}) = \frac{1}{2}

Use the Double Angle identity:

sin (2 x) = 2 sin (x) cos (x)

sin (7 2^{\circ}) = 2 sin (3 6^{\circ}) cos (3 6^{\circ})

sin (7 2^{\circ}) sin (3 6^{\circ}) = 4 sin (3 6^{\circ}) sin (1 8^{\circ}) cos (3 6^{\circ}) cos (1 8^{\circ})

Divide both sides by

sin (3 6^{\circ})

sin (7 2^{\circ}) = 4 sin (1 8^{\circ}) cos (3 6^{\circ}) cos (1 8^{\circ})

Use the following identity:

sin (x) = cos (9 0^{\circ} - x)

sin (7 2^{\circ}) = cos (9 0^{\circ} - 7 2^{\circ})

cos (9 0^{\circ} - 7 2^{\circ}) = 4 sin (1 8^{\circ}) cos (3 6^{\circ}) cos (1 8^{\circ})

cos (1 8^{\circ}) = 4 sin (1 8^{\circ}) cos (3 6^{\circ}) cos (1 8^{\circ})

Divide both sides by

cos (1 8^{\circ})

1 = 4 sin (1 8^{\circ}) cos (3 6^{\circ})

Divide both sides by

2

\frac{1}{2} = 2 sin (1 8^{\circ}) cos (3 6^{\circ})

Substitute

2 cos (3 6^{\circ}) sin (1 8^{\circ}) = \frac{1}{2}

(cos (3 6^{\circ}) + sin (1 8^{\circ}))^{2} - (cos (3 6^{\circ}) - sin (1 8^{\circ}))^{2} = 1

Substitute

cos (3 6^{\circ}) - sin (1 8^{\circ}) = \frac{1}{2}

(cos (3 6^{\circ}) + sin (1 8^{\circ}))^{2} - (\frac{1}{2})^{2} = 1

Refine

(cos (3 6^{\circ}) + sin (1 8^{\circ}))^{2} - \frac{1}{4} = 1

Add

\frac{1}{4}

to both sides

(cos (3 6^{\circ}) + sin (1 8^{\circ}))^{2} - \frac{1}{4} + \frac{1}{4} = 1 + \frac{1}{4}

Refine

(cos (3 6^{\circ}) + sin (1 8^{\circ}))^{2} = \frac{5}{4}

Take the square root of both sides

cos (3 6^{\circ}) + sin (1 8^{\circ}) = \pm \frac{5}{4}

cos (3 6^{\circ})

cannot be negative

sin (1 8^{\circ})

cannot be negative

cos (3 6^{\circ}) + sin (1 8^{\circ}) = \frac{5}{4}

Add the following equations

cos (3 6^{\circ}) + sin (1 8^{\circ}) = \frac{5}{2}

((cos (3 6^{\circ}) + sin (1 8^{\circ})) + (cos (3 6^{\circ}) - sin (1 8^{\circ}))) = (\frac{5}{2} + \frac{1}{2})

Refine

cos (3 6^{\circ}) = \frac{5 + 1}{4}

= \frac{5 + 1}{4}

= 4 4 (\frac{5 + 1}{4})^{3} - 3 \cdot \frac{5 + 1}{4}

Simplify

4 4 (\frac{5 + 1}{4})^{3} - 3 \cdot \frac{5 + 1}{4} : 1 - 5

4 4 (\frac{5 + 1}{4})^{3} - 3 \cdot \frac{5 + 1}{4}

4 (\frac{5 + 1}{4})^{3} = \frac{5 + 2}{2}

4 (\frac{5 + 1}{4})^{3}

(\frac{5 + 1}{4})^{3} = \frac{5 + 2}{2 ^{3}}

(\frac{5 + 1}{4})^{3}

Apply exponent rule:

(\frac{a}{b})^{c} = \frac{a ^{c}}{b ^{c}}

= \frac{( 5 + 1 ) ^{3}}{4 ^{3}}

(5 + 1)^{3} = 85 + 16

(5 + 1)^{3}

Apply Perfect Cube Formula:

(a + b)^{3} = a^{3} + 3 a^{2} b + 3 a b^{2} + b^{3}

a = 5, b = 1

= (5)^{3} + 3 (5)^{2} \cdot 1 + 35 \cdot 1^{2} + 1^{3}

Simplify

(5)^{3} + 3 (5)^{2} \cdot 1 + 35 \cdot 1^{2} + 1^{3} : 85 + 16

(5)^{3} + 3 (5)^{2} \cdot 1 + 35 \cdot 1^{2} + 1^{3}

Apply rule

1^{a} = 1

1^{2} = 1, 1^{3} = 1

= (5)^{3} + 3 \cdot 1 \cdot (5)^{2} + 3 \cdot 1 \cdot 5 + 1

(5)^{3} = 55

(5)^{3}

Apply radical rule:

a = a^{\frac{1}{2}}

= (5^{\frac{1}{2}})^{3}

Apply exponent rule:

(a^{b})^{c} = a^{b c}

= 5^{\frac{1}{2} \cdot 3}

\frac{1}{2} \cdot 3 = \frac{3}{2}

\frac{1}{2} \cdot 3

Multiply fractions:

a \cdot \frac{b}{c} = \frac{a \cdot b}{c}

= \frac{1 \cdot 3}{2}

Multiply the numbers:

1 \cdot 3 = 3

= \frac{3}{2}

= 5^{\frac{3}{2}}

5^{\frac{3}{2}} = 55

5^{\frac{3}{2}}

5^{\frac{3}{2}} = 5^{1 + \frac{1}{2}}

= 5^{1 + \frac{1}{2}}

Apply exponent rule:

x^{a + b} = x^{a} x^{b}

= 5^{1} \cdot 5^{\frac{1}{2}}

Refine

= 55

= 55

3 (5)^{2} \cdot 1 = 15

3 (5)^{2} \cdot 1

(5)^{2} = 5

(5)^{2}

Apply radical rule:

a = a^{\frac{1}{2}}

= (5^{\frac{1}{2}})^{2}

Apply exponent rule:

(a^{b})^{c} = a^{b c}

= 5^{\frac{1}{2} \cdot 2}

\frac{1}{2} \cdot 2 = 1

\frac{1}{2} \cdot 2

Multiply fractions:

a \cdot \frac{b}{c} = \frac{a \cdot b}{c}

= \frac{1 \cdot 2}{2}

Cancel the common factor:

2

= 1

= 5

= 3 \cdot 5 \cdot 1

Multiply the numbers:

3 \cdot 5 \cdot 1 = 15

= 15

35 \cdot 1 = 35

35 \cdot 1

Multiply the numbers:

3 \cdot 1 = 3

= 35

= 55 + 15 + 35 + 1

Add similar elements:

55 + 35 = 85

= 85 + 15 + 1

Add the numbers:

15 + 1 = 16

= 85 + 16

= 85 + 16

= \frac{8 5 + 16}{4 ^{3}}

Factor

85 + 16 : 8 (5 + 2)

85 + 16

Rewrite as

= 85 + 8 \cdot 2

Factor out common term

8

= 8 (5 + 2)

= \frac{8 ( 5 + 2 )}{4 ^{3}}

Factor

8 : 2^{3}

Factor

8 = 2^{3}

Factor

4^{3} : 2^{6}

Factor

4 = 2^{2}

= (2^{2})^{3}

Simplify

(2^{2})^{3} : 2^{6}

(2^{2})^{3}

Apply exponent rule:

(a^{b})^{c} = a^{b c}

= 2^{2 \cdot 3}

Multiply the numbers:

2 \cdot 3 = 6

= 2^{6}

= 2^{6}

= \frac{2 ^{3} ( 2 + 5 )}{2 ^{6}}

Cancel

\frac{2 ^{3} ( 5 + 2 )}{2 ^{6}} : \frac{5 + 2}{2 ^{3}}

\frac{2 ^{3} ( 5 + 2 )}{2 ^{6}}

Apply exponent rule:

\frac{x ^{a}}{x ^{b}} = \frac{1}{x ^{b - a}}

\frac{2 ^{3}}{2 ^{6}} = \frac{1}{2 ^{6 - 3}}

= \frac{5 + 2}{2 ^{6 - 3}}

Subtract the numbers:

6 - 3 = 3

= \frac{5 + 2}{2 ^{3}}

= \frac{5 + 2}{2 ^{3}}

= 4 \cdot \frac{2 + 5}{2 ^{3}}

Multiply fractions:

a \cdot \frac{b}{c} = \frac{a \cdot b}{c}

= \frac{( 5 + 2 ) \cdot 4}{2 ^{3}}

Factor

4 : 2^{2}

Factor

4 = 2^{2}

= \frac{2 ^{2} ( 2 + 5 )}{2 ^{3}}

Cancel

\frac{( 5 + 2 ) \cdot 2 ^{2}}{2 ^{3}} : \frac{5 + 2}{2}

\frac{( 5 + 2 ) \cdot 2 ^{2}}{2 ^{3}}

Apply exponent rule:

\frac{x ^{a}}{x ^{b}} = \frac{1}{x ^{b - a}}

\frac{2 ^{2}}{2 ^{3}} = \frac{1}{2 ^{3 - 2}}

= \frac{5 + 2}{2 ^{3 - 2}}

Subtract the numbers:

3 - 2 = 1

= \frac{5 + 2}{2}

= \frac{5 + 2}{2}

3 \cdot \frac{5 + 1}{4} = \frac{3 ( 5 + 1 )}{4}

3 \cdot \frac{5 + 1}{4}

Multiply fractions:

a \cdot \frac{b}{c} = \frac{a \cdot b}{c}

= \frac{( 5 + 1 ) \cdot 3}{4}

= 4 (\frac{2 + 5}{2} - \frac{3 ( 1 + 5 )}{4})

Join

\frac{5 + 2}{2} - \frac{( 5 + 1 ) \cdot 3}{4} : \frac{1 - 5}{4}

\frac{5 + 2}{2} - \frac{( 5 + 1 ) \cdot 3}{4}

Least Common Multiplier of

2, 4 : 4

2, 4

Least Common Multiplier (LCM)

Prime factorization of

2 : 2

2

2

is a prime number, therefore no factorization is possible

= 2

Prime factorization of

4 : 2 \cdot 2

4

4

divides by

24 = 2 \cdot 2

= 2 \cdot 2

Multiply each factor the greatest number of times it occurs in either

2

4

= 2 \cdot 2

Multiply the numbers:

2 \cdot 2 = 4

= 4

Adjust Fractions based on the LCM

Multiply each numerator by the same amount needed to multiply its

corresponding denominator to turn it into the LCM

4

For

\frac{5 + 2}{2} :

multiply the denominator and numerator by

2

\frac{5 + 2}{2} = \frac{( 5 + 2 ) \cdot 2}{2 \cdot 2} = \frac{( 5 + 2 ) \cdot 2}{4}

= \frac{( 5 + 2 ) \cdot 2}{4} - \frac{( 5 + 1 ) \cdot 3}{4}

Since the denominators are equal, combine the fractions:

\frac{a}{c} \pm \frac{b}{c} = \frac{a \pm b}{c}

= \frac{( 5 + 2 ) \cdot 2 - ( 5 + 1 ) \cdot 3}{4}

Expand

(5 + 2) \cdot 2 - (5 + 1) \cdot 3 : 1 - 5

(5 + 2) \cdot 2 - (5 + 1) \cdot 3

= 2 (5 + 2) - 3 (5 + 1)

Expand

2 (5 + 2) : 25 + 4

2 (5 + 2)

Apply the distributive law:

a (b + c) = ab + a c

a = 2, b = 5, c = 2

= 25 + 2 \cdot 2

Multiply the numbers:

2 \cdot 2 = 4

= 25 + 4

= 25 + 4 - (5 + 1) \cdot 3

Expand

- 3 (5 + 1) : - 35 - 3

- 3 (5 + 1)

Apply the distributive law:

a (b + c) = ab + a c

a = - 3, b = 5, c = 1

= - 35 + (- 3) \cdot 1

Apply minus-plus rules

+ (- a) = - a

= - 35 - 3 \cdot 1

Multiply the numbers:

3 \cdot 1 = 3

= - 35 - 3

= 25 + 4 - 35 - 3

Simplify

25 + 4 - 35 - 3 : 1 - 5

25 + 4 - 35 - 3

Add similar elements:

25 - 35 = - 5

= - 5 + 4 - 3

Add/Subtract the numbers:

4 - 3 = 1

= 1 - 5

= 1 - 5

= \frac{1 - 5}{4}

= 4 \cdot \frac{1 - 5}{4}

Multiply fractions:

a \cdot \frac{b}{c} = \frac{a \cdot b}{c}

= \frac{( 1 - 5 ) \cdot 4}{4}

Cancel the common factor:

4

= 1 - 5

= 1 - 5

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Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)

What is the value of 4cos(108) ?
The value of 4cos(108) is 1-sqrt(5)