integral of (x^4-x^2-x-1)/(x^3-x^2)

Lösung

\int \frac{x ^{4} - x ^{2} - x - 1}{x ^{3} - x ^{2}} d x

2 x + \frac{1}{2} (x - 1)^{2} - 2 ln ∣ x - 1 ∣ + 2 ln ∣ x ∣ - \frac{1}{x} - 2 + C

Schritte zur Lösung

\int \frac{x ^{4} - x ^{2} - x - 1}{x ^{3} - x ^{2}} d x

Multipliziere aus

\frac{x ^{4} - x ^{2} - x - 1}{x ^{3} - x ^{2}} : \frac{x ^{4}}{x ^{3} - x ^{2}} - \frac{x ^{2}}{x ^{3} - x ^{2}} - \frac{x}{x ^{3} - x ^{2}} - \frac{1}{x ^{3} - x ^{2}}

Wende die Summenregel an:

\int f (x) \pm g (x) d x = \int f (x) d x \pm \int g (x) d x

= \int \frac{x ^{4}}{x ^{3} - x ^{2}} d x - \int \frac{x ^{2}}{x ^{3} - x ^{2}} d x - \int \frac{x}{x ^{3} - x ^{2}} d x - \int \frac{1}{x ^{3} - x ^{2}} d x

\int \frac{x ^{4}}{x ^{3} - x ^{2}} d x = \frac{( x - 1 ) ^{2}}{2} + 2 (x - 1) + ln ∣ x - 1 ∣

\int \frac{x ^{2}}{x ^{3} - x ^{2}} d x = ln ∣ x - 1 ∣

\int \frac{x}{x ^{3} - x ^{2}} d x = - ln ∣ x ∣ + ln ∣ x - 1 ∣

\int \frac{1}{x ^{3} - x ^{2}} d x = - ln ∣ x ∣ + \frac{1}{x} + ln ∣ x - 1 ∣

= \frac{( x - 1 ) ^{2}}{2} + 2 (x - 1) + ln ∣ x - 1 ∣ - ln ∣ x - 1 ∣ - (- ln ∣ x ∣ + ln ∣ x - 1 ∣) - (- ln ∣ x ∣ + \frac{1}{x} + ln ∣ x - 1 ∣)

Vereinfache

\frac{( x - 1 ) ^{2}}{2} + 2 (x - 1) + ln ∣ x - 1 ∣ - ln ∣ x - 1 ∣ - (- ln ∣ x ∣ + ln ∣ x - 1 ∣) - (- ln ∣ x ∣ + \frac{1}{x} + ln ∣ x - 1 ∣) : 2 x + \frac{1}{2} (x - 1)^{2} - 2 ln ∣ x - 1 ∣ + 2 ln ∣ x ∣ - \frac{1}{x} - 2

= 2 x + \frac{1}{2} (x - 1)^{2} - 2 ln ∣ x - 1 ∣ + 2 ln ∣ x ∣ - \frac{1}{x} - 2

Füge eine Konstante zur Lösung hinzu

= 2 x + \frac{1}{2} (x - 1)^{2} - 2 ln ∣ x - 1 ∣ + 2 ln ∣ x ∣ - \frac{1}{x} - 2 + C

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